Assessment of Sewage Workers’ Exposure to Hazardous Materials in Iraq Sewage Workers Exposure and Hazardous Materials
Main Article Content
Keywords
sewage hazards, nitric oxide, homocysteine, 8 OHdG, vitamins E A
Abstract
Background:
Sewage workers, who maintain the sewage system and provide an essential service for public health protection, may come in direct contact with sewage hazards which then may induce DNA damage and oxidative stress. The aim of this study
is to assess the level of nitric oxide, homocysteine, 8 OHdG, and vitamin s A & E in the plasma of sewage workers for different periods of exposure.
Results:
Nitric oxide, vitamin A, and vitamin E showed a significant reduction in sewage workers when compared with a
non-exposed control group. However, homocysteine and 8 OHdG
levels were increased in sewage workers when compared with the
non-exposed control group.
Conclusions:
Sew age workers are exposed to different pathways to a variety of toxicants that cause an increase in homocysteine. Homocysteine, in increased the DNA oxidative damage by increasing the concentration of 8 OHdG and decreasing nitric oxide and vitamins E & A through a decrease in the antioxidant and an increase in oxidative damage.
References
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8. Chen CC. Selected topics in DNA repair. Janeza Trdine, Croatia.2011;pp 51-52..
9. Felley-Bosco E. Role of nitric oxide in genotoxicity: implication for carcinogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1998 Mar;17(1):25-37.
10. Guba SC, Fink LM, Fonseca V Hyperhomocysteinemia: an emerging and important risk factor for thromboembolic and cardiovascular disease. American journal of clinical pathology. 1996 Dec 1;106(6):709-22.
11. Kang SS, Wong PW, Malinow MR. Hyperhomocyst (e) anemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 1992 Jul;12(1):279-98.
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15. Wakkee M, Thio HB, Prens EP, Sijbrands EJ, Neumann HA. Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jan;190(1):1-9.
16. Delfino VD, de Andrade Vianna AC, Mocelin AJ, Barbosa DS, Mise RA, Matsuo T. Folic acid therapy reduces plasma homocysteine levels and improves plasma antioxidant capacity in hemodialysis patients. Nutr. 2007 Mar;23(3):242-47.
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23. Cooke MS, Evans MD, Dove R, Rozalski R, Gackowski D, Siomek A, Lunec J, Olinski R. DNA repair is responsible for the presence of oxidatively damaged DNA lesions in urine. Mutat Res-Fundamental Mol M. 2005 Jul;574(1-2):58-66.
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25. Al Zabadi H, Ferrari L, Sari-Minodier I, Kerautret MA, Tiberguent A, Paris C, Zmirou-Navier D. Integrated exposure assessment of sewage workers to genotoxicants: a urinary biomarker approach and oxidative stress evaluation. Environ Health. 2011 Dec;10(1):23.
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27. Erdogmus B, Yazici B, Annakkaya AN, Bilgin C, Safak AA, Arbak P, Tugay A. Intima‐media thickness of the common carotid artery in highway toll collectors. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006 Nov;34(9):430-33.
28. Nishio E, Watanabe Y. Homocysteine as a modulator of platelet‐derived growth factor action in vascular smooth muscle cells: a possible role for hydrogen peroxide. Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Sep;122(2):269-74.
29. Mansoor MA, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Knudsen A, Bates CJ, Mishra G, Larsen TW. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules in healthy adults during acute hyperhomocysteinemia and mild hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Biochem. 2004 May;37(5):408-14.
30. Li M, Chen J, Li YS, Feng YB, Gu X, Shi CZ. Folic acid reduces adhesion molecules VCAM-1 expression in aortic of rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jan;106(2):285-88.
31. Upchurch GR, Welch GN, Fabian AJ, Freedman JE, Johnson JL, Keaney JF, Loscalzo J. Homocyst (e) in decreases bioavailable nitric oxide by a mechanism involving glutathione peroxidase. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul;272(27):17012-17.
32. Heydrick SJ, Weiss N, Thomas SR, Cap AP, Pimentel DR, Loscalzo J, Keaney Jr JF. L-Homocysteine and L-homocysteine stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Mar;36(5):632-40.
33. Behrendt D, Ganz P. Endothelial function: from vascular biology to clinical applications. Amer J Cardiol. 2002 Nov;90(10):p 40-48.
34. Allen RW, Criqui MH, Roux AV, Allison M, Shea S, Detrano R, Sheppard L, Wong ND, Stukovsky KH, Kaufman JD. Fine particulate matter air pollution, proximity to traffic, and aortic atherosclerosis. Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;20(2):254.
35. Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Gillen DL, Polidori A, Arhami M, Kleinman MT, Vaziri ND, Longhurst J, Sioutas C. Air pollution exposures and circulating biomarkers of effect in a susceptible population: clues to potential causal component mixtures and mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Aug;117(8):1232.
36. Rajagopalan S, Sun Q, Chen LC. Particulate pollution and endothelial function: deja vu all over again in the air. Circulation. 2005;111:2869-71.
37. Domagala TB, Undas A, Libura M, Szczeklik A. Pathogenesis of vascular disease in hyperhomocysteinaemia. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1998 Aug;5(4):239-47.
38. Chen HI, Liou SH, Ho SF, Wu KY, Sun CW, Chen MF, Cheng LC, Shih TS, Loh CH. Oxidative DNA damage estimated by plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): influence of 4, 4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) exposure and smoking. J Occup Health. 2007;49(5):389-98.
39. Ishii Y, Ogara A, Okamura T, Umemura T, Nishikawa A, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Saito K, Hirose M, Nakazawa H. Development of quantitative analysis of 8-nitroguanine concomitant with 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and glyoxal derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Apr;43(5):1737-43.
40. Tsai K, Hsu TG, Hsu KM, Cheng H, Liu TY, Hsu CF, Kong CW. Oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral leukocytes induced by massive aerobic exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Dec;31(11):1465-72.
41. Peng T, Shen HM, Liu ZM, Yan LN, Peng MH, Li LQ, Liang RX, Wei ZL, Halliwell B, Ong CN. Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes and its association with expression and polymorphisms of hOGG1: a study of adolescents in a high-risk region for hepatocellular carcinoma in China. World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;9(10):2186.
42. Huang RF, Hsu YC, Lin HL, Yang FL. Folate depletion and elevated plasma homocysteine promote oxidative stress in rat livers. J Nutr. 2001 Jan;131(1):33-38.
43. Loft S, Poulsen HE. Cancer risk and oxidative DNA damage in man. J Mol Med. 1996 Jun;74(6):297-312.
44. Shibutani S, Takeshita M, Grollman AP. Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature. 1991 Jan;349(6308):431.
45. Kow YW. Repair of deaminated bases in DNA12. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Oct;33(7):886-93.
46. Miller H, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Johnson F, Grollman AP. 8-OxodGTP incorporation by DNA polymerase β is modified by active-site residue Asn279. Biochem. 2000 Feb;39(5):1029-33.
47. Heinecke JW, Rosen H, Suzuki LA, Chait A. The role of sulfur-containing amino acids in superoxide production and modification of low-density lipoprotein by arterial smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul;262(21):10098-103.
48. Tawakol A, Omland T, Gerhard M, Wu JT, Creager MA. Hyperhomocyst (e) anemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation. 1997 Mar;95(5):1119-21.
49. Lee SJ, Kim KM, Namkoong S, Kim CK, Kang YC, Lee H, Ha KS, Han JA, Chung HT, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Nitric oxide inhibition of homocysteine-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis by down-regulation of p53-dependent Noxa expression through the formation of S-nitrosohomocysteine. J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb;280(7):5781-88.
50. Friis L, Vaghef H, Edling C, Hellman B. No increased DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes of sewage workers as evaluated by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Occup Environ Med. 1997 Jul;54(7):494-98.
51. Karaman A, Pirim I. Exposure to bitumen fumes and genotoxic effects on Turkish asphalt workers. Clin Toxicol. 2009 Apr;47(4):321-26.
52. Paz C, López‐Cortés A, Arévalo M, Sánchez ME. Monitoring of DNA damage in individuals exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons in Ecuador. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Oct;1140(1):121-28.
53. Jordao Jr AA, Chiarello PG, Arantes MR, Meirelles MS, Vannucchi H. Effect of an acute dose of ethanol on lipid peroxidation in rats: action of vitamin E. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Mar;42(3):459-64.
54. Violi F, Basili S, Nigro C, Pignatelli P. Role of NADPH oxidase in atherosclerosis. Future Cardiol. 2009 5:83-92. 55. Cachia O, El Benna J, Pedruzzi E, Descomps B, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Leger CL. α-tocopherol inhibits the respiratory burst in human monocytes attenuation of p47 phox membrane translocation and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec;273(49):32801-5.
2. Manoli E, Samara C. Occurrence and mass balance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Thessaloniki sewage treatment plant. J Environ Qual. 1999;28(1):176-87.
3. Lyons RA, Wright D, Fielder HM, McCabe M, Gunneberg A, Nash P, Routledge P, Rees H. Investigation of an acute chemical incident: exposure to fluorinated hydrocarbons. Occup Environ Med. 2000 Sep;57(9):577-81.
4. Hansen ES, Hilden J, Klausen H, Rosdahl N. Wastewater exposure and health—a comparative study of two occupational groups. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Aug;60(8):595-98.
5. Friis L, Mikoczy Z, Hagmar L, Edling C. Cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish sewage workers: extended follow up. Occup Environ Med. 1999 Oct;56(10):672-73. 6. Wild P. Lung cancer risk and talc not containing asbestiform fibers: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med. 2006 Jan;63(1):4-9.
7. McCutcheon JW. Nitrosamines in bacon: a case study of balancing risks. Public Health Rep. 1984 Jul;99(4):360.
8. Chen CC. Selected topics in DNA repair. Janeza Trdine, Croatia.2011;pp 51-52..
9. Felley-Bosco E. Role of nitric oxide in genotoxicity: implication for carcinogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1998 Mar;17(1):25-37.
10. Guba SC, Fink LM, Fonseca V Hyperhomocysteinemia: an emerging and important risk factor for thromboembolic and cardiovascular disease. American journal of clinical pathology. 1996 Dec 1;106(6):709-22.
11. Kang SS, Wong PW, Malinow MR. Hyperhomocyst (e) anemia as a risk factor for occlusive vascular disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 1992 Jul;12(1):279-98.
12. Stühlinger MC, Tsao PS, Her JH, Kimoto M, Balint RF, Cooke JP. Homocysteine impairs the nitric oxide synthase pathway: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Circulation. 2001 Nov;104(21):2569-75.
13. Phelip JM, Ducros V, Faucheron JL, Flourie B, Roblin X. Association of hyperhomocysteinemia and folate deficiency with colon tumors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Oct;14(2):242-48.
14. Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Selvi E, Lorenzini S, Bisogno S, Galeazzi M, Pasini FL. Hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2007 Aug;6(7):503-9.
15. Wakkee M, Thio HB, Prens EP, Sijbrands EJ, Neumann HA. Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jan;190(1):1-9.
16. Delfino VD, de Andrade Vianna AC, Mocelin AJ, Barbosa DS, Mise RA, Matsuo T. Folic acid therapy reduces plasma homocysteine levels and improves plasma antioxidant capacity in hemodialysis patients. Nutr. 2007 Mar;23(3):242-47.
17. Akalin A, Alatas O, Colak O. Relation of plasma homocysteine levels to atherosclerotic vascular disease and inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Jan;158(1):47-52.
18. Sun CF, Haven TR, Wu TL, Tsao KC, Wu JT. Serum total homocysteine increases with the rapid proliferation rate of tumor cells and decline upon cell death: a potential new tumor marker. Clin Chim Acta. 2002 Jul;321(1-2):55-62.
19. Gatt A, Makris A, Cladd H, Burcombe RJ, Smith JM, Cooper P, Thompson D, Makris M. Hyperhomocysteinemia in women with advanced breast cancer. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007 Dec;29(6):421-25.
20. Baccarelli A, Zanobetti A, Martinelli I, Grillo P, Hou L, Lanzani G, Mannucci PM, Bertazzi PA, Schwartz J. Air pollution, smoking, and plasma homocysteine. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Nov;115(2):176-81.
21. Holven KB, Holm T, Aukrust P, Christensen B, Kjekshus J, Andreassen AK, Gullestad L, Hagve TA, Svilaas A, Ose L, Nenseter MS. Effect of folic acid treatment on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and nitric oxide–derived end products in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects. Am J Med. 2001 May;110(7):536-42.
22. Olinski R, Rozalski R, Gackowski D, Foksinski M, Siomek A, Cooke MS. Urinary measurement of 8-OxodG, 8-OxoGua, and 5HMUra: a noninvasive assessment of oxidative damage to DNA. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2006 May;8(5-6):1011-19.
23. Cooke MS, Evans MD, Dove R, Rozalski R, Gackowski D, Siomek A, Lunec J, Olinski R. DNA repair is responsible for the presence of oxidatively damaged DNA lesions in urine. Mutat Res-Fundamental Mol M. 2005 Jul;574(1-2):58-66.
24. Yoshida R, Ogawa Y, Mori I, Nakata A, Wang R, Ueno S, Shioji I, Hisanaga N. Associations between oxidative stress levels and total duration of engagement in jobs with exposure to fly ash among workers at municipal solid waste incinerators. Mutagenesis. 2003 Nov;18(6):533-37.
25. Al Zabadi H, Ferrari L, Sari-Minodier I, Kerautret MA, Tiberguent A, Paris C, Zmirou-Navier D. Integrated exposure assessment of sewage workers to genotoxicants: a urinary biomarker approach and oxidative stress evaluation. Environ Health. 2011 Dec;10(1):23.
26. Memisogullari R, Akçay F. Biochemical mechanisms in hyperhomocysteinemia. Türk Klinik Biyokimya Derg. 2004;2:41-49.
27. Erdogmus B, Yazici B, Annakkaya AN, Bilgin C, Safak AA, Arbak P, Tugay A. Intima‐media thickness of the common carotid artery in highway toll collectors. J Clin Ultrasound. 2006 Nov;34(9):430-33.
28. Nishio E, Watanabe Y. Homocysteine as a modulator of platelet‐derived growth factor action in vascular smooth muscle cells: a possible role for hydrogen peroxide. Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Sep;122(2):269-74.
29. Mansoor MA, Seljeflot I, Arnesen H, Knudsen A, Bates CJ, Mishra G, Larsen TW. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules in healthy adults during acute hyperhomocysteinemia and mild hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Biochem. 2004 May;37(5):408-14.
30. Li M, Chen J, Li YS, Feng YB, Gu X, Shi CZ. Folic acid reduces adhesion molecules VCAM-1 expression in aortic of rats with hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Cardiol. 2006 Jan;106(2):285-88.
31. Upchurch GR, Welch GN, Fabian AJ, Freedman JE, Johnson JL, Keaney JF, Loscalzo J. Homocyst (e) in decreases bioavailable nitric oxide by a mechanism involving glutathione peroxidase. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jul;272(27):17012-17.
32. Heydrick SJ, Weiss N, Thomas SR, Cap AP, Pimentel DR, Loscalzo J, Keaney Jr JF. L-Homocysteine and L-homocysteine stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Mar;36(5):632-40.
33. Behrendt D, Ganz P. Endothelial function: from vascular biology to clinical applications. Amer J Cardiol. 2002 Nov;90(10):p 40-48.
34. Allen RW, Criqui MH, Roux AV, Allison M, Shea S, Detrano R, Sheppard L, Wong ND, Stukovsky KH, Kaufman JD. Fine particulate matter air pollution, proximity to traffic, and aortic atherosclerosis. Epidemiol. 2009 Mar;20(2):254.
35. Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Gillen DL, Polidori A, Arhami M, Kleinman MT, Vaziri ND, Longhurst J, Sioutas C. Air pollution exposures and circulating biomarkers of effect in a susceptible population: clues to potential causal component mixtures and mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Aug;117(8):1232.
36. Rajagopalan S, Sun Q, Chen LC. Particulate pollution and endothelial function: deja vu all over again in the air. Circulation. 2005;111:2869-71.
37. Domagala TB, Undas A, Libura M, Szczeklik A. Pathogenesis of vascular disease in hyperhomocysteinaemia. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1998 Aug;5(4):239-47.
38. Chen HI, Liou SH, Ho SF, Wu KY, Sun CW, Chen MF, Cheng LC, Shih TS, Loh CH. Oxidative DNA damage estimated by plasma 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): influence of 4, 4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) exposure and smoking. J Occup Health. 2007;49(5):389-98.
39. Ishii Y, Ogara A, Okamura T, Umemura T, Nishikawa A, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Saito K, Hirose M, Nakazawa H. Development of quantitative analysis of 8-nitroguanine concomitant with 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and glyoxal derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007 Apr;43(5):1737-43.
40. Tsai K, Hsu TG, Hsu KM, Cheng H, Liu TY, Hsu CF, Kong CW. Oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral leukocytes induced by massive aerobic exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2001 Dec;31(11):1465-72.
41. Peng T, Shen HM, Liu ZM, Yan LN, Peng MH, Li LQ, Liang RX, Wei ZL, Halliwell B, Ong CN. Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes and its association with expression and polymorphisms of hOGG1: a study of adolescents in a high-risk region for hepatocellular carcinoma in China. World J Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;9(10):2186.
42. Huang RF, Hsu YC, Lin HL, Yang FL. Folate depletion and elevated plasma homocysteine promote oxidative stress in rat livers. J Nutr. 2001 Jan;131(1):33-38.
43. Loft S, Poulsen HE. Cancer risk and oxidative DNA damage in man. J Mol Med. 1996 Jun;74(6):297-312.
44. Shibutani S, Takeshita M, Grollman AP. Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature. 1991 Jan;349(6308):431.
45. Kow YW. Repair of deaminated bases in DNA12. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Oct;33(7):886-93.
46. Miller H, Prasad R, Wilson SH, Johnson F, Grollman AP. 8-OxodGTP incorporation by DNA polymerase β is modified by active-site residue Asn279. Biochem. 2000 Feb;39(5):1029-33.
47. Heinecke JW, Rosen H, Suzuki LA, Chait A. The role of sulfur-containing amino acids in superoxide production and modification of low-density lipoprotein by arterial smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1987 Jul;262(21):10098-103.
48. Tawakol A, Omland T, Gerhard M, Wu JT, Creager MA. Hyperhomocyst (e) anemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans. Circulation. 1997 Mar;95(5):1119-21.
49. Lee SJ, Kim KM, Namkoong S, Kim CK, Kang YC, Lee H, Ha KS, Han JA, Chung HT, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Nitric oxide inhibition of homocysteine-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis by down-regulation of p53-dependent Noxa expression through the formation of S-nitrosohomocysteine. J Biol Chem. 2005 Feb;280(7):5781-88.
50. Friis L, Vaghef H, Edling C, Hellman B. No increased DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes of sewage workers as evaluated by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Occup Environ Med. 1997 Jul;54(7):494-98.
51. Karaman A, Pirim I. Exposure to bitumen fumes and genotoxic effects on Turkish asphalt workers. Clin Toxicol. 2009 Apr;47(4):321-26.
52. Paz C, López‐Cortés A, Arévalo M, Sánchez ME. Monitoring of DNA damage in individuals exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons in Ecuador. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Oct;1140(1):121-28.
53. Jordao Jr AA, Chiarello PG, Arantes MR, Meirelles MS, Vannucchi H. Effect of an acute dose of ethanol on lipid peroxidation in rats: action of vitamin E. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Mar;42(3):459-64.
54. Violi F, Basili S, Nigro C, Pignatelli P. Role of NADPH oxidase in atherosclerosis. Future Cardiol. 2009 5:83-92. 55. Cachia O, El Benna J, Pedruzzi E, Descomps B, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Leger CL. α-tocopherol inhibits the respiratory burst in human monocytes attenuation of p47 phox membrane translocation and phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec;273(49):32801-5.
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Assessment of Sewage Workers’ Exposure to Hazardous Materials in Iraq: Sewage Workers Exposure and Hazardous Materials. Iraqi Natl J Med [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 8 [cited 2024 May 12];1(1):22-38. Available from: https://www.iqnjm.com/index.php/homepage/article/view/7
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Assessment of Sewage Workers’ Exposure to Hazardous Materials in Iraq: Sewage Workers Exposure and Hazardous Materials. Iraqi Natl J Med [Internet]. 2021 Oct. 8 [cited 2024 May 12];1(1):22-38. Available from: https://www.iqnjm.com/index.php/homepage/article/view/7